A proprietary blend lists ingredients without amounts, so you cannot tell whether a studied dose is present or a trace. It is not that these fail — it is that they cannot be evaluated.
Studied for decades with stubbornly inconsistent results. Extracts vary so much between manufacturers that trials are not really testing the same substance.
A handful of small trials found faster sleep onset and better next-day ratings, plausibly through a drop in core temperature. Small, consistent, not yet repeated at scale.
Trials consistently report calmer subjective ratings; objective sleep measures move much less. That gap is the whole story.
The effect is clearest in people whose intake is genuinely low. In those with adequate intake, the trials mostly show nothing — an honest result that rarely makes it onto a label.
Shortens time to fall asleep by roughly seven minutes on average — real, replicated, and much smaller than the packaging implies. It shifts timing rather than sedating.